Bibliography

 

 

Abbott, L. F.; Varela, J. A.; Sen, K.; Nelson, S. B. Synaptic depression and cortical gain control. Science, v. 275, p. 220-224, 1997.

 

Andreassen, S.; Rosenfalck, A. Regulation of the firing pattern of single motor units. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, v. 43, p. 897-906, 1980.

 

Ariano, M. A.; Armstrong, R. B.; Edgerton, V. R. Hindlimb Muscle Fiber Populations of 5 Mammals. Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry, v. 21, p. 51-55, 1973.

 

Awiszus, F.; Feistner, H. The Relationship between Estimates of Ia-Epsp Amplitude and Conduction-Velocity in Human Soleus Motoneurons. Experimental Brain Research, v. 95, p. 365-370, 1993.

 

Aymard, C. et al. Presynaptic inhibition and homosynaptic depression. A comparison between lower and upper limbs in normal human subjects and patients with hemiplegia. Brain, v. 123, p. 1688-1702, 2000.

 

Baldissera, F.; Campadelli, P.; Piccinelli, L. Neural Encoding of Input Transients Investigated by Intracellular Injection of Ramp Currents in Cat Alpha- Motoneurones. Journal of Physiology - London, v. 328, p. 73-86, 1982.

 

Baldissera, F.; Gustafsson, B. Afterhyperpolarization conductance time course in lumbar motoneurones of the cat. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, v. 91, p. 512-527, 1974a.

 

—. Firing behaviour of a neurone model based on the afterhyperpolarization conductance time course and algebraical summation. Adaptation and steady state firing. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, v. 92, p. 27-47, 1974b.

 

—. Firing behaviour of a neurone model based on the afterhyperpolarization conductance time course. First interval firing. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, v. 91, p. 528-544, 1974c.

 

Banks, R. W. An allometric analysis of the number of muscle spindles in mammalian skeletal muscles. Journal of Anatomy, v. 208, p. 753-68, 2006.

 

Barret, J. N.; Crill, W. E. Specific membrane properties of cat motoneurons. Journal of Physiology - London, v. 239, p. 301-324, 1974.

 

Bashor, D. P. A large-scale model of some spinal reflex circuits. Biological Cybernetics, v. 78, p. 147-157, 1998.

 

Bellemave, F.; Woods, J. J.; Johansson, R.; Bigland-Ritchie, B. R. Motor-unit discharge rates in maximal voluntary contractions of three human muscles. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 50, p. 1380-1392, 1983.

 

Binder, M. D.; Heckman, C. J.; Powers, R. K. The physiological control of motoneuron activity, p. 3-53. In: Handbook of Physiology. Section 12: Exercise: Regulation and Integration of Multiple Systems. Oxford University Press, New York, 1996.

 

Bodine, S. C.; Roy, R. R.; Eldred, E.; Edgerton, V. R. Maximal force as a function of anatomical features of motor units in the cat tibialis anterior. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 57, p. 1730-45, 1987.

 

Booth, V.; Rinzel, J.; Kiehn, O. Compartmental model of vertebrate motoneurons for Ca2+-dependent spiking and plateau potentials under pharmacological treatment. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 78, p. 3371-3385, 1997.

 

Borg, J. Conduction velocity and refraction period of single motor nerve fibres in motor neuron disease. J Neurol Neurosurg & Psych, v. 47, p. 349-353, 1984.

 

Bostock, H.; Rothwell, J. C. Latent addition in motor and sensory fibres of human peripheral nerve. Journal of Physiology, v. 498, p. 277-94, 1997.

 

Boyd, I. A.; Davey, M. R. The composition of peripheral nerves. In: Control and Innervation of Skeletal Muscle. E. & S. Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1966.

 

—. The composition of peripheral nerves. Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone, 1968.

 

Buchthal, F.; Schmalbruch, H. Motor Unit of Mammalian Muscle. Physiological Reviews, v. 60, p. 90-142, 1980.

 

Bui, T. V. et al. Comparison of the morphological and electrotonic properties of Renshaw cells, Ia inhibitory interneurons, and motoneurons in the cat. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 90, p. 2900-18, 2003.

 

Burke, R. E. Motor unit: anatomy, physiology and functional organization. In: Handbook of Physiology, The Nervous System. Section II Part I. Am Physiol Soc, Bethesda, 1981.

 

—. Spinal cord: ventral horn. In: The synaptic organization of the brain. Oxford University Press, New York, 1998.

 

Burke, R. E. et al. Anatomy of medial gastrocnemius and soleus motor nuclei in cat spinal cord. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 40, p. 667-680, 1977.

 

Capaday, C.; Stein, R. B. A method for simulating the reflex output of a motoneuron pool. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, v. 21, p. 91-104, 1987.

 

Capaday, C.; van Vreeswijk, C. Direct control of firing rate gain by dendritic shunting inhibition. J Integr Neurosci, v. 5, p. 199-222, 2006.

 

Capek, R.; Esplin, B. Homosynaptic depression and transmitter turnover in spinal monosynaptic pathway. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 40, p. 95-105, 1977.

 

Carr, P. A.; Alvarez, F. J.; Leman, E. A.; Fyffe, R. E. W. Calbindin D28k expression in immunohistochemically identified Renshaw cells. Neuroreport, v. 9, p. 2657-2661, 1998.

 

Chan, K. M.; Doherty, T. J.; Brown, W. F. Contractile properties of human motor units in health, aging, and disease. Muscle & Nerve, v. 24, p. 1113-1133, 2001.

 

Chin, N. K.; Cope, M.; Pang, M. Number and distribution of spindle capsules in seven hindlimb muscles of the cat, p. 241–248. In: Symposium on Muscle Receptors. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, 1962.

 

Cisi, R. R. L. Desenvolvimento de um simulador de uma sub-rede da medula espinhal. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Elétrica), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2002.

 

Cisi, R. R. L.; Kohn, A. F. Spinal Cord Neuronal Network Simulator, p. 1-3. In: 28th Conference of the Canadian Medical and Biological Engineering Society, Quebec, Canada, 2004.

 

—. H-reflex depression simulated by a biologically realistic motoneuron network. In: 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Lyon, France, 2007.

 

Clamann, H. P. Statistical analysis of motor unit firing patterns in a human skeletal muscle. Biophysical Journal, v. 9, p. 1233-1251, 1969.

 

—. Muscle data, http://www.physio.unibe.ch/~clamann/muscdata.html, Acessado em 30/mar/2006.

 

Clements, J. D. et al. The Time Course of Glutamate in the Synaptic Cleft. Science, v. 258, p. 1498-1501, 1992.

 

Cleveland, S.; Kuschmierz, A.; Ross, H. G. Static input-output relations in the spinal recurrent inhibitory pathway. Biological Cybernetics, v. 40, p. 223-231, 1981.

Colquhoun, D.; Jonas, P.; Sakmann, B. Action of Brief Pulses of Glutamate on Ampa Kainate Receptors in Patches from Different Neurons of Rat Hippocampal Slices. Journal of Physiology - London, v. 458, p. 261-287, 1992.

 

Cooper, S. Muscle spindles and motor units, p. 9-17. In: Control and Innervation of Skeletal Muscle. Livingstone Ltd., Edinburgh, 1966.

 

Cox, D. R.; Isham, V. Point Processes. London: Chapman and Hall, 1980.

 

Crone, C.; Nielsen, J. Central control of disynaptic reciprocal inhibition in humans. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, v. 152, p. 351-363, 1994.

 

Cullheim, S.; Kellerth, J. O. Morphological-Study of Axons and Recurrent Axon Collaterals of Cat Alpha-Motoneurones Supplying Different Functional Types of Muscle Unit. Journal of Physiology - London, v. 281, p. 301-313, 1978.

 

De Luca, C. J.; Erim, Z. Common drive of motor units in regulation of muscle force. Trends in neurosciences, v. 17, p. 299-305, 1994.

 

De Luca, C. J.; Foley, P. J.; Erim, Z. Motor unit properties in constant-force isometric contractions. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 76, p. 1503-1516, 1996.

 

De Luca, C. J.; Forrest, W. J. Some properties of motor unit action potential trains recorded during constant force isometric contractions in man. Kybernetik, v. 12, p. 160-168, 1973.

 

Destexhe, A. Conductance-based integrate-and-fire models. Neural Computation, v. 9, p. 503-14, 1997.

 

Destexhe, A.; Mainen, Z. F.; Sejnowski, T. J. An Efficient Method for Computing Synaptic Conductances Based on a Kinetic-Model of Receptor-Binding. Neural Computation, v. 6, p. 14-18, 1994a.

 

—. Synthesis of models for excitable membranes, synaptic transmission and neuromodulation using a common kinetic formalism. Journal of Computational and Neuroscience, v. 1, p. 195-230, 1994b.

 

Dewald, J. P. A.; Schmit, B. D. Stretch reflex gain and threshold changes as a function of elbow stretch velocity in hemiparetic stroke, p. 1464-1467. In: 25th Annual International Conference of the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2003.

 

Diniz, P. S. R.; Silva, E. A. B.; Lima Netto, S. Processamento Digital de Sinais. São Paulo: Bookman, 2004.

 

Dum, R. P.; Kennedy, T. T. Physiological and Histochemical-Characteristics of Motor Units in Cat Tibialis Anterior and Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscles. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 43, p. 1615-1630, 1980.

 

Dumitru, D. Electrodiagnostic Medicine. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus, 1995.

Eccles, J. The Physilogy of nerve Cells. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1957.

 

Eisen, A.; Hoirch, M.; White, J.; Calne, D. Sensory Group Ia Proximal Conduction-Velocity. Muscle & Nerve, v. 7, p. 636-641, 1984.

 

Erim, Z.; De Luca, C. J.; Mineo, K.; Aoki, T. Rank-ordered regulation of motor units. Muscle Nerve, v. 19, p. 563-73, 1996.

 

Ethier, C.; Imbeault, M. A.; Ung, V.; Capaday, C. On the soleus H-reflex modulation pattern during walking. Exp Brain Res, v. 151, p. 420-5, 2003.

 

Feinstein, B.; Lindegard, B.; Nyman, E.; Wohlfart, G. Morphologic studies of motor units in normal human muscles. Acta Anat, v. 23, p. 127-142, 1955.

 

Finkel, A. S.; Redman, S. J. The synaptic current evoked in cat spinal motoneurones by impluses in single group Ia axons. Journal of Physiology, v. 342, p. 615-632, 1983.

 

Fitzhugh, R. Computation of Impulse Initiation and Saltatory Conduction in a Myelinated Nerve Fiber. Biophysical Journal, v. 2, p. 11-21, 1962.

 

Fleshman, J. W.; Segev, I.; Burke, R. E. Electrotonic architecture of type-identified alpha-motoneurons in the cat spinal cord. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 60, p. 60-85, 1988.

 

Floeter, M. K.; Kohn, A. F. H-Reflex of different sizes exhibit differential sensitivity to low frequency depression. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, v. 105, p. 470-475, 1997.

 

Frankenhaeuser, B.; Huxley, A. F. Action Potential in Myelinated Nerve Fibre of Xenopus Laevis as Computed on Basis of Voltage Clamp Data. Journal of Physiology-London, v. 171, p. 302-315, 1964.

 

Fuglevand, A. J.; Winter, D., A.; Patla, A. E. Models of recruitment and rate coding organization in motor-unit pools. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 70, p. 2470-2488, 1993.

 

Fuglevand, A. J.; Winter, D. A.; Patla, A. E.; Stashuk, D. Detection of motor unit action potentials with surface electrodes: influence of electrode size and spacing. Biological Cybernetics, v. 67, p. 143-153, 1992.

 

Garnett, R. A. F.; Odonovan, M. J.; Stephens, J. A.; Taylor, A. Motor Unit Organization of Human Medial Gastrocnemius. Journal of Physiology-London, v. 287, p. 33-43, 1979.

 

Gath, I.; Stalberg, E. The calculated radial decline of the extracellular action potential compared with in situ measurements in the human brachial biceps. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, v. 44, p. 547-52, 1978.

 

Giugliano, M. Synthesis of generalized algorithms for the fast computation of synaptic conductances with Markov kinetic models in large network simulations. Neural Computation, v. 12, p. 903-931, 2000.

 

Goroso, D. G.; Cisi, R. R. L.; Kohn, A. F. The amplitude and phase responses of the firing rates of some motoneuron models. Biosystems, v. 58, p. 33-39, 2000.

 

Graham, B. P.; Redman, S. J. Simulation of the muscle stretch reflex by a neuronal network. In: Computation and Neural Systems. Klumer Acad Pub, Boston, 1993.

 

Halonen, J. P.; Falck, B.; Kalino, H. The firing rate of motor units in neuromuscular disorders. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 225, p. 269-276, 1981.

 

Heckman, C. J. Computer simulations of the effects of different synaptic input system on the steady-state input-output structure of the motoneuron pool. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 71, p. 1727-1739, 1994.

 

Heckman, C. J.; Binder, M. D. Analysis of effective synaptic currents generated by homonymous Ia afferent fibers in motoneurons of the cat. Journal of Neurophysiology, v., p. 1946-1966, 1988.

 

—. Computer simulation of the steady-state input-output function of the cat medial gastrocnemius motoneuron pool. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 65, p. 952-967, 1991.

 

—. Computer simulations of motoneuron firing rate modulation. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 69, p. 1005-1008, 1993a.

 

—. Computer simulations of the effects of differents synaptic input systems on motor unit recruitment. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 70, p. 1827-1840, 1993b.

 

Henneman, E.; Somjen, G.; Carpenter, D. O. Excitability and inhibitability of motoneurons of different sizes. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 28, p. 599-620, 1965.

 

Hermens, J. H.; Baten, C. T. M.; Boom, H. B. K.; Rutten, W. L. C. Distribution of MUAP amplitude and duration estimated from surface EMG. In: Proceedings of the 14th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Paris, France, 1992.

 

Hilgevoord, A. A. J.; Bour, L. J.; Koelman, J. H. T. M.; Ongerboer de Visser, B. W. Soleus H reflex extinction in controls and spastic patients: ordered occlusion or diffuse inhibition? Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, v. 97, p. 402-407, 1995.

 

Hodgkin, A. L.; Huxley, A. F. A Quantitative Description of Membrane Current and Its Application to Conduction and Excitation in Nerve. Journal of Physiology-London, v. 117, p. 500-544, 1952.

 

Hultborn, H.; Katz, R.; Mackel, R. Distribution of recurrent inhibition within a motor nucleus. II. Amount of recurrent inhibition in motoneurones to fast and slow units. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, v. 34, p. 363-374, 1988.

 

Hultborn, H.; Lipski, J.; Mackel, R.; Wigström, H. Distribution of recurrent inhibition within a motor nucleus. I. Contribution from slow and fast motor units to the excitation of Renshaw cells. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, v., p. 347-361, 1988.

 

Hultborn, H.; Pierrot-Deseilligny, E. Input-output relations in the pathways of recurrent inhibition to motoneurones in the cat. Journal of Physiology, v. 297, p. 267-287, 1979.

 

Humes, A. F. C.; Melo, I. S. H.; Yoshida, L. K.; Martins, W. T. Noções de Cálculo Numérico. São Paulo: Makron Books do Brasil, 1984.

 

Ivashko, D. G. et al. Modeling the spinal cord neural circuitry controlling cat hindlimb movement during locomotion. Neurocomputing, v. 52-4, p. 621-629, 2003.

 

Jankowska, E. Interneuronal Relay in Spinal Pathways from Proprioceptors. Progress in Neurobiology, v. 38, p. 335-378, 1992.

 

Jilge, B. et al. Initiating extension of the lower limbs in subjects with complete spinal cord injury by epidural lumbar cord stimulation. Experimental Brain Research, v. 154, p. 308-326, 2004.

 

Jimenez, J.; Easton, J. K.; Redford, J. B. Conduction studies of the anterior and posterior tibial nerves. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, v. 51, p. 164-9, 1970.

 

Johnson, M. A.; Polgar, J.; Weightman, D.; Appleton, D. Data on the distribution of fibre types in thirty-six human muscles an autopsy study. Journal of Neurological Sciences, v. 18, p. 111-129, 1973.

 

Jones, K. E.; Bawa, P. Computer simulation of the responses of human motoneurons to composite Ia EPSPs: effects of background firing rate. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 77, p. 405-420, 1997.

 

—. A comparison of human motoneuron data to simulated data using cat motoneuron models. Journal of Physiology-Paris, v. 93, p. 43-59, 1999.

 

Katz, R.; Pierrot-Deseilligny, E. Recurrent inhibition in humans. Progress in Neurobiology, v. 57, p. 325-355, 1998.

 

Kernell, D. High-frequency repetitive firing of cat lumbosacral motoneurones stimulates by long-lasting injected currents. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, v. 65, p. 74-86, 1965a.

 

—. The limits of firing frequency in cat lumbosacral motoneurones possessing different time course of afterhyperpolarization. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, v. 65, p. 87-100, 1965b.

—. Organization and properties of spinal motoneurones and motor units. Progress in Brain Research., v. 64, p. 21-30, 1986.

 

Kohn, A. F. Dendritic transformations on random synaptic inputs as measured from a neuron's spike train - modeling and simulation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, v. 36, p. 44-54, 1989.

 

—. Computer simulation of noise resulting from random synaptic activities. Comput Biol Med, v. 27, p. 293-308, 1997.

 

Kohn, A. F.; Floeter, M. K.; Hallet, M. A model-based approach for the quantification of H reflex depression in humans. In: Proceedings of the 17th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Montreal, Canada, 1995.

 

Kohn, A. F.; Floeter, M. K.; Hallett, M. Presynaptic inhibition compared with homosynaptic depression as an explanation for soleus H-reflex depression in humans. Experimental Brain Research, v. 116, p. 375-380, 1997.

 

Kohn, A. F.; Vieira, M. F. Optimality in the encoding/decoding relations of motoneurones and muscle units. Biosystems, v. 67, p. 113-119, 2002.

 

Lan, N.; Li, Y.; Sun, Y.; Yang, F. S. Reflex regulation of antagonist muscles for control of joint equilibrium position. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, v. 13, p. 60-71, 2005.

 

Lo Conte, L. R.; Merletti, R.; Sandri, G. V. Hermite expansions of compact support waveforms: applications to myoelectric signals. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, v. 41, p. 1147-1159, 1994.

 

Lytton, W. W. Optimizing synaptic conductance calculation for network simulations. Neural Computation, v. 8, p. 501-509, 1996.

 

MacGregor, R. J.; Oliver, R. M. A general-purpose electronic model for arbitrary configurations of neurons. Journal of Theoretical Biology, v. 38, p. 527-38, 1973.

 

Maganaris, C. N.; Baltzopoulos, V.; Sargeant, A. In vivo measurement of the triceps surae complex architecture in man: implications for muscle function. Journal of Physiology, v. 512, p. 603-614, 1998.

 

Mahl, L. S. Modelagem matemática de dendritos ativos em motoneurônios. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Elétrica), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2005.

 

Maltenfort, M. G.; Hamm, T. M. Estimation of the electrical parameters of spinal motoneurons using impedance measurements. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 92, p. 1433-44, 2004.

 

Maltenfort, M. G.; Heckman, C. J.; Rymer, W. Z. Decorrelating actions of Renshaw interneurons on the firing of spinal motoneurons within a motor nucleus: a simulation study. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 80, p. 309-323, 1998.

 

Maltenfort, M. G.; Phillips, C. A.; McCurdy, M. L.; Hamm, T. M. Determination of the location and magnitude of synaptic conductance changes in spinal motoneurons by impedance measurements. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 92, p. 1400-16, 2004.

 

Mattos, E. C. T. Metodologia para a quantificação da inibiação pré-sináptica no músculo sóleus em humanos em repouso e durante contração. Dissertação (Mestrado em Psicologia), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2003.

 

McComas, A. J. Invited review: motor unit estimation: methods, results and present status. Muscle & Nerve, v. 14, p. 585-597, 1991.

 

McCurdy, M. L.; Hamm, T. M. Spatial and temporal features of recurrent facilitation among motoneurons innervating synergistic muscle of the cat. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 72, p. 227-234, 1994a.

 

—. Topography of recurrent inhibition postsynaptic potentials between individual motoneurons in the cat. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 72, p. 214-226, 1994b.

 

McIntyre, C. C.; Richardson, A. G.; Grill, W. M. Modeling the excitability of mammalian nerve fibers: Influence of afterpotentials on the recovery cycle. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 87, p. 995-1006, 2002.

 

Mcneal, D. R. Analysis of a Model for Excitation of Myelinated Nerve. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, v. 23, p. 329-337, 1976.

 

Merletti, R.; Lo Conte, L.; Avignone, E.; Guglielminotti, P. Modeling of surface myoelectric signals--Part I: Model implementation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, v. 46, p. 810-20, 1999.

 

Merletti, R.; Parker, P. A. Electromyography - physiology, engineering and noninvasive applications. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2004.

 

Mezzarane, R. A.; Kohn, A. F. Bilateral soleus H-reflexes in humans elicited by simultaneous trains of stimuli: Symmetry, variability, and covariance. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 87, p. 2074-2083, 2002.

 

—. Control of upright stance over inclined surfaces. Exp Brain Res, v. 180, p. 377-88, 2007.

 

Misiaszek, J. E. The H-reflex as a tool in neurophysiology: its limitations and uses in understanding nervous system function. Muscle Nerve, v. 28, p. 144-60, 2003.

 

Molavi, D. W. Neuroscience Tutorial, http://thalamus.wustl.edu/course/, Acessado em 22/11/2006.

 

Morita, H. et al. Modulation of presynaptic inhibition and disynaptic reciprocal Ia inhibition during voluntary movement in spasticity. Brain, v. 124, p. 826-837, 2001.

 

Mynark, R. G.; Koceja, D. M. Down training of the elderly soleus H reflex with the use of a spinally induced balance perturbation. J Appl Physiol, v. 93, p. 127-33., 2002.

 

Nakazawa, K. et al. Effects of loading and unloading of lower limb joints on the soleus H-reflex in standing humans. Clin Neurophysiol, v. 115, p. 1296-304, 2004.

 

Nelson, S. G.; Mendell, L. M. Projection of Single Knee Flexor Ia Fibers to Homonymous and Heteronymous Motoneurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 41, p. 778-787, 1978.

 

Netter, F. H. Interactive Atlas of Human AnatomyCiba Medical Education & Publications, 1995.

 

Nielsen, J.; Petersen, N.; Crone, C. Changes in transmission across synapses of Ia afferents in spastic patients. Brain, v. 118, p. 995-1004, 1995.

 

Nussbaumer, R. M.; Ruegg, D. G.; Studer, L. M.; Gabriel, J. P. Computer simulation of the motoneuron pool-muscle complex. I. Input system and motoneuron pool. Biological Cybernetics, v. 86, p. 317-333, 2002.

 

Oppenheim, A. V.; Schafer, R. W.; Buck, J. R. Discrete-Time Signal ProcessingPrentice Hall, 1999.

 

Panizza, M. et al. The time constants of motor and sensory peripheral nerve fibers measured with the method of latent addition. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, v. 93, p. 147-54, 1994.

 

Panizza, M. E.; Nilsson, J.; Hallett, M. Optimal stimulus duration for the H reflex. Muscle & Nerve, v. 12, p. 576-579, 1989.

 

Person, R. S.; Kudina, L. P. Discharge frequency and discharge pattern of human motor units during voluntary contraction of muscle. EEG J, v. 32, p. 471-483, 1972.

 

Pierrot-Deseilligny, E.; Burke, D. The Circuitry of the Human Spinal Cord. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

 

Pierrot-Deseilligny, E.; Mazevet, D. The monosynaptic reflex: a tool to investigate motor control in humans. Interest and limits. Neurophysiol Clin, v. 30, p. 67-80, 2000.

 

Pinsky, P. F.; Rinzel, J. Intrinsic and network rhythmogenesis in a reduced Traub model for CA3 neurons. Journal of Computational and Neuroscience, v. 1, p. 39-60, 1994.

 

Piotrkiewicz, M.; Kudina, L.; Mierzejewska, J. Recurrent inhibition of human firing motoneurons (experimental and modeling study). Biological Cybernetics, v. 91, p. 243-257, 2004.

 

Plonsey, R. The active fiber in a volume conductor. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, v. 21, p. 371-81, 1974.

 

Plonsey, R.; Barr, R. C. Electric-Field Stimulation of Excitable Tissue. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, v. 42, p. 329-336, 1995.

 

Poliakov, A. V.; Miles, T. S.; Nordstrom, M. A. Discharge patterns of tonically firing human motoneurons. Biological Cybernetics, v. 73, p. 189-194, 1995.

 

Porter, R.; Lemon, R. N. Corticospinal Function & Voluntary Movement. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.

 

Powers, R. K. A variable-threshold motoneuron model that incorporates time and voltage-dependent potassium and calcium conductances. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 70, p. 246-262, 1993.

 

Powers, R. K.; Sawczuk, A.; Musick, J. R.; Binder, M. D. Multiple mechanisms of spike-frequency adaptation in motoneurones. Journal of Physiology - Paris, v. 93, p. 101-14, 1999.

 

Rall, W. Distinguishing theoretical synaptic potentials computed for different soma-dendritic distributions of synaptic input. J. Neurophysiology, v. 30, p. 1138-1168, 1967.

 

Rall, W. et al. Matching Dendritic Neuron Models to Experimental-Data. Physiological Reviews, v. 72, p. S159-S186, 1992.

 

Rattay, F. Analysis of models for external stimulation of axons. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, v. 33, p. 974-7, 1986.

 

—. Analysis of models for extracellular fiber stimulation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, v. 36, p. 676-82, 1989.

 

—. Analysis of the electrical excitation of CNS neurons. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, v. 45, p. 766-72, 1998.

 

Rosenfalck, A.; Andreassen, S. Impaired regulation of force and firing pattern of single motor units in patients with spasticity. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, v. 43, p. 907-916, 1980.

 

Rothwell, J. Control of Human Voluntary Movement. London: Chapman and Hall, 1994.

Sawczuk, A.; Powers, R. K.; Binder, M. D. Spike Frequency Adaptation Studied in Hypoglossal Motoneurons of the Rat. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 73, p. 1799-1810, 1995.

 

Schieppati, M. The Hoffmann Reflex - a Means of Assessing Spinal Reflex Excitability and Its Descending Control in Man. Progress in Neurobiology, v. 28, p. 345-376, 1987.

 

Schwindt, P. C.; Calvin, W. H. Nature of Conductances Underlying Rhythmic Firing in Cat Spinal Motoneurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 36, p. 955-973, 1973.

 

Schwindt, P. C.; Crill, W. E. Factors influencing motoneuron rhythmic firing: results from a voltage-clamp study. J Neurophysiol, v. 48, p. 875-90, 1982.

 

—. Membrane properties of cat spinal motoneurons, p. 199-242. In: Handbook of the Spinal Cord. Vol. 2/31984.

 

Scott, J. G.; Mendell, L. M. Individual Epsps Produced by Single Triceps Surae Ia Afferent-Fibers in Homonymous and Heteronymous Motoneurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 39, p. 679-692, 1976.

 

Segev, I.; Fleshman, J. W.; Burke, R. E. Computer-Simulation of Group Ia Epsps Using Morphologically Realistic Models of Cat Alpha-Motoneurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 64, p. 648-660, 1990.

 

Segundo, J. P. et al. Input-output relations in computer-simulated nerve cells. Influence of the statistical properties, strength, number and inter-dependence of excitatory pre-synaptic terminals. Kybernetik, v. 4, p. 157-71, 1968.

 

Slot, P. J.; Sinkjaer, T. Simulations of the alpha motoneuron pool electromyogram reflex at different preactivation levels in man. Biological Cybernetics, v. 70, p. 351-358, 1994.

 

Squire, L. R. et al. Fundamental Neuroscience. San Diego: Academic Press, 2003.

 

Stevens, C. F. Inferences about membrane properties from electrical noise measurements. Biophys J, v. 12, p. 1028-47, 1972.

 

Stuart, G. J.; Redman, S. J. Voltage dependence of Ia reciprocal inhibitory currents in cat spinal motoneurones. J Physiol, v. 420, p. 111-25, 1990.

 

Taylor, A. M.; Enoka, R. M. Quantification of the factors that influence discharge correlation in model motor neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 91, p. 796-814, 2004.

 

Traub, R. D. Motorneurons of different geometry and the size principle. Biological Cybernetics, v. 25, p. 163-176, 1977.

 

Uchiyama, T.; Johansson, H.; Windhorst, U. A model of the feline medial gastrocnemius motoneuron-muscle system subjected to recurrent inhibition. Biol Cybern, v. 89, p. 139-51, 2003a.

 

—. Static and dynamic input-output relations of the feline medial gastrocnemius motoneuron-muscle system subjected to recurrent inhibition: a model study. Biol Cybern, v. 89, p. 264-73, 2003b.

 

Uchiyama, T.; Windhorst, U. Effects of spinal recurrent inhibition on motoneuron short-term synchronization. Biol Cybern, v. 96, p. 561-75, 2007.

 

Van Keulen, L. Autogenetic recurrent inhibition of individual spinal motoneurones of the cat. Neuroscience Letters, v. 21, p. 297-300, 1981.

 

Vandervoort, A. A.; Mccomas, A. J. A Comparison of the Contractile Properties of the Human Gastrocnemius and Soleus Muscles. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, v. 51, p. 435-440, 1983.

 

Vieira, M. F.; Kohn, A. F. Compartmental models of mammalian motoneurons of types S, FR and FF and their computer simulation. Comput Biol Med, v. 37, p. 842-60, 2007.

 

Walmsley, B.; Tracey, D. J. An intracellular study of Renshaw cells. Brain Res, v. 223, p. 170-5, 1981.

 

Windhorst, U. Activation of Renshaw cells. Progress in Neurobiology, v. 35, p. 135-179, 1990.

 

—. On the role of recurrent inhibitory feedback in motor control. Progress in Neurobiology, v. 49, p. 517-587, 1996.

 

Zengel, J. E.; Reid, S. A.; Sypert, G. W.; Munson, J. B. Membrane Electrical-Properties and Prediction of Motor-Unit Type of Medial Gastrocnemius Motoneurons in the Cat. Journal of Neurophysiology, v. 53, p. 1323-1344, 1985.

 

Zhou, P.; Rymer, W. Z. A simulation study of motor unit electrical and mechanical relations for the first dorsal interosseous muscle in man, p. 1511-1514. In: 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2003.

 

—. Can standard surface EMG processing parameters be used to estimate motor unit global firing rate? J Neural Eng, v. 1, p. 99-110, 2004a.

 

—. Factors governing the form of the relation between muscle force and the EMG: a simulation study. J Neurophysiol, v. 92, p. 2878-86, 2004b.

 

—. MUAP number estimates in surface EMG: template-matching methods and their performance boundaries. Ann Biomed Eng, v. 32, p. 1007-15, 2004c.